Evolution of Modern English Cuisine: 1500–Present

Over the past five centuries, English food has been transformed by global trade, technological change, and social upheaval. In the 16th and 17th centuries, even ordinary English diets began to include imported spices and luxury items. By the Elizabethan era, cooks already spiced sauces heavily with pepper, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger and saffron worldhistory.org , reflecting long-distance trade. Sugar – first noted in England in 1099 – remained a costly luxury well into the 1700s english-heritage.org.uk . At home, staple meals still centred on bread, pottage (thick vegetable-and-grain stews) and seasonal meats or fish. Wealthy tables featured elaborate meat feasts with multiple roast courses and spiced pies, while the poor managed on plain pottage, salted fish or porridge. Foreign visitors of the 1500s remarked that English peasants were surprisingly well-fed and the rich noticeably corpulent compared to Europeans worldhistory.org . (Indeed, heavy meat consumption by ...